Reef-Platform Coral Boulders: Evidence for High-Energy Marine Inundation Events on Tropical Coastlines

Preface
Acknowledgements

Chapter 1 Coastal Boulders: Introduction and Scope
1.1 Types of Coastal Boulders
1.2 Association with High-Energy Marine Inundation
1.3 Rationale for This Book
1.4 References

Chapter 2 Historical Review and Changing Terminology
2.1 Named Coastal Landmarks
2.2 Earliest Scientific Observations of Coral Boulders
- Box 1. Matthew Flinders' Observations of Coral Boulders on the Great Barrier Reef in 1802
2.3 The Eruption of Krakatau Volcano in 1883
2.4 Reef Remnants versus Storm Deposits: Competing Ideas, Early 1900s
2.5 Varying Expressions for Coral Boulders
2.6 Perspectives on Sediment Clast Size
2.7 References

Chapter 3 The Scientific Value of Reef-Platform Boulders for Interpreting Coastal Hazards
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Coastal Sedimentology Within Marine Inundation Research
3.3 Wave Energy Estimation
3.3.1 Boulder Transport Equations
- Box2. Hydrodynamic Equations for Coastal Boulder Transport (Nott, 2003)
- Box 3. Revised Hydrodynamic Equations (Nandasena et al., 2011)
- Box4. Boulder Displacement: Equations for Estimating Minimum Current Velocity and Wave Height (Frohlich et al., 2011)
3.3.2 Assumptions and Difficulties
3.4 Inundation Direction
3.5 Boulder Mapping
3.6 Dating Prehistorical Marine Inundations
3.6.1 Boulder Age-Dating
3.6.2 Obstacles to Accurate Dating
3.7 References

Chapter 4 Uncertainties and Continuing Challenges with Interpreting Coastal Boulders

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanisms of Coral Boulder Generation
4.3 Identifying Original Sources for Carbonate Boulders on Reefs
4.4 'Anthropogenic Boulders': Advantages of Studying Boulders Sourced from Rip-Rap
4.5 Distinguishing Between Storm and Tsunami Boulders
- Box 5: Equation to Distinguish Storm from Tsunami Boulders (Lorang, 2011)
4.6 Undetectable Marine Inundation Events
4.7 Boulder Reworking by Backwash or Subsequent Events
4.8 Longevity of Boulders
4.9 Issues with Data Collection and Presentation
4.9.1 Volumetric Calculations4.9.2 Inconsistent Data
- Box 6: Nature of Boulder Data
4.10 References

Chapter 5 Case Study: Coastal Boulder Fields on Taveuni Island Coasts, Fiji
5.1 Introduction and Aims
5.2 Background to the Study Area
5.3 Features of Tropical Cyclone Tomas, March 2010
5.4 Field Procedures and Observations
5.5 Results and Discussion
5.3 Boulder Quarrying and Remobilisation
5.4 Transport Mechanisms and Flow Velocities
5.5 Caveats to Findings
5.6 Conclusions
5.7 References

Chapter 6 Outlook for Boulder Studies Within Tropical Geomorphology and Coastal Research
6.1 Brief Summary: Current Understanding, Guiding Questions
6.2 Future Prospects and Recommendations
6.3 References